Natural Lighting
Natural lighting is sunlight. In natural lighting photography, the sun acts as the primary light source. You can manipulate natural light, for instance by bouncing it off reflectors, but you cannot fundamentally change it, the way you would a stand light.
External Lighting
External Lighting is artificial. It can be placed on or off the camera via the hot/cold shoe or remote/wireless. External lighting is normally categorized as either soft or harsh. With harsh light being commonly used for Art Portraits and Product Photography. Soft lighting is normally reserved for Portraits.
Modifiers
Modifiers are designed to spread, diffuse and soften the light from a source to make shadows less-dense and reduce the harshness of highlights, but some such a grids can make light harder and more directional to have the opposite effect.
As modifiers sit between a light source and the subject they reduce the amount of light that reaches it and it’s often necessary to adjust exposure when a modifier is introduced or changed.
White Balance
White balance is a system devised for eliminating unrealistic color casts in photographs. That is, a color adjustment in-camera, or in editing software, to display white subjects in the frame as white in the photo.
Color Temp
Color temperature is the relative warmth or coolness of light. Every light, from the sun to your computer screen, has a unique color. The color of the light tints all the colors in the scene, including skin tones. Some lights make the colors cooler. Others make the scene look warmer. The human eye is good at adjusting to different types of light.
